Wednesday, August 17, 2016

Heart auscultation usmle chart, heart sounds usmle, usmle S3,S4

Wednesday, January 6, 2016

USMLE Microbiology - Pneumonia ddx algorithm - non specific but will help you to sort it in your mind. immuno competent and compromised



Bacterial toxins, different table that may help you review .. missing many examples

Table 4. SOURCES AND ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIAL TOXINS
NAME OF TOXINBACTERIUM INVOLVEDACTIVITY
Anthrax toxin (EF)Bacillus anthracisEdema Factor (EF) is an adenylate cyclase that causes increased levels in intracellular cyclic AMP in phagocytes and formation of ion-permeable pores in membranes (hemolysis) 
Adenylate cyclase toxinBordetella pertussisActs locally to increase levels of cyclic AMP in phagocytes and formation of ion-permeable pores in membranes (hemolysis)
Cholera enterotoxinVibrio choleraeADP ribosylation of G proteins stimulates adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP in cells of the GI tract, causing secretion of water and electrolytes
E. coli LT toxinEscherichia coliSimilar to cholera toxin
Shiga toxinShigella dysenteriaeEnzymatically cleaves rRNA resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible cells
Botulinum toxinClostridium botulinumZn++ dependent protease that inhibits neurotransmission at neuromuscular synapses resulting in flaccid paralysis
Tetanus toxinClostridium tetaniZn++ dependent protease that inhibits neurotransmission at inhibitory synapses resulting in spastic paralysis
Diphtheria toxinCorynebacterium diphtheriaeADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2 leads to inhibition of protein synthesis in target cells
Pertussis toxinBordetella pertussisADP ribosylation of G proteins blocks inhibition of adenylate cyclase in susceptible cells
Staphylococcus enterotoxins*Staphylococcus aureusMassive activation of the immune system, including lymphocytes and macrophages, leads to emesis (vomiting)
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)*Staphylococcus aureusActs on the vascular system causing inflammation, fever and shock
Pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) e.g. Erythrogenic toxin (scarlet fever toxin)*Streptococcus pyogenesCauses localized erythematous reactions